A promptfoo eval config lists 3 providers, 4 prompt variants and 25 test cases. How many target-model calls does one run make, and what should that number change about your plan?

### What the config is actually describing A promptfoo evaluation is defined by a YAML file (conventionally `promptfooconfig.yaml`) with three independent top-level lists: `providers:` — the model endpoints under test, each entry being one target you pay per call; `prompts:` — the prompt texts or templates, usually loaded as `file://prompts/system.txt`; and `tests:` — the test cases, each supplying variables and the assertions that decide pass or fail. When you run `promptfoo eval`, the tool does not walk these lists in parallel. It **crosses** them: every prompt is rendered for every case and sent to every provider. The unit of work — one prompt, one case, one provider — is a **cell**, and the run is the full grid of cells. ### The arithmetic, and why it is only a floor ``` providers 3 x prompts 4 x cases 25 = 300 target-model calls + 1 grader call per model-graded case -> up to ~600 calls x weekly cadence -> ~2,400-4,800 calls / month ``` Four things routinely push the real number above the product: - **Model-graded assertions.** An assertion of type `llm-rubric`, `answer-relevance`, `factuality` or similar is decided by a second model call. That grader is often a *larger* model than the target, so the cheaper axis of the run can end up being the expensive one on the invoice. - **Multi-turn strategies.** In promptfoo's red-team mode, entries under `redteam.strategies` such as the conversational ones spend several calls inside a single cell, because the cell is a conversation rather than a single request. - **Generated case counts.** In red-team mode the cases are produced by promptfoo from `redteam.plugins` and `redteam.numTests` rather than typed by hand, and strategies then expand that set further. The width of your matrix is therefore an *output* of the generation step. You do not know the case axis until you look. - **Repetition.** `promptfoo eval --repeat 3` multiplies everything by three, which is often the right call on a stochastic system and is always a 3x on the bill. ### What it costs in practice At commodity hosted-model prices and a modest prompt, 300 single-shot calls is small money — single-digit dollars. Add a large grader per case and a multi-turn strategy and the same config is tens of dollars a run; at per-merge cadence on a busy repository that is a real monthly line item. Wall-clock matters as much: promptfoo runs a bounded number of requests concurrently (raise it with `promptfoo eval -j <n>`), so a few hundred calls at a second or two each is minutes, not seconds, and a merge gate that takes ten minutes gets disabled by whoever is waiting on it. ### Where the number misleads The most common misread is the **cheap second run**. promptfoo caches provider responses by default, so re-running an unchanged config costs almost nothing and returns almost instantly. That feels like a confirmation and is not one: cached cells replay yesterday's sampled responses rather than re-measuring a stochastic system. If you want a genuine second measurement you need `promptfoo eval --no-cache` (or `PROMPTFOO_CACHE_ENABLED=false`) and the full price again. The second misread is treating the product as the total and then being surprised by an invoice two or three times the estimate — graders and multi-turn cells are where that gap lives. ### What to check before you press run Print the cell count the config will actually produce and confirm it against your arithmetic; in red-team mode, generate the cases first and count them rather than assuming `numTests`. Establish whether a cell is one call or a conversation. Identify which assertions are model-graded and on which model. Then multiply the whole thing by the cadence you actually want — per merge, nightly, weekly — because a red-team number is worth little as a snapshot and a lot as a trend. If that product is unaffordable, cut an axis deliberately and write down what you cut; an unrecorded trim is what turns "the suite passed" into a claim nobody can bound.