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VPN

Tunnels carry private traffic across a network you do not trust: plain GRE overlays, WireGuard's key-routed peers, TLS-keyed tunnels. Interviewers use it to test tunnelling, keys and routing at once.

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For a remote-access VPN serving staff on hotel Wi-Fi, carrier-grade NAT and locked-down guest networks, how do you choose the transports, the fallback order and the keepalive policy?

level: principalimportance: nice to knowfreq 10%

basics

~20 s

Offer UDP first and a TCP or TLS rung on 443 for networks that drop UDP, fall back after a short UDP retry and re-probe UDP on every move, and send inside-originated keepalives only for clients that must be reachable.

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